Initially, same‐sex peer groups that were common during childhood expand into mixed‐sex peer groups that are more characteristic of adolescence. Research has linked both physical and relational aggression to a vast number of enduring psychological difficulties, including depression.Īdolescence is the developmental period during which romantic relationships typically first emerge. One of the most widely studied aspects of adolescent peer influence is known as deviant peer contagion (Dishion & Tipsord, 2011), which is the process by which peers reinforce problem behavior by laughing or showing other signs of approval that then increase the likelihood of future problem behavior.Įmotional reactions to problems and emotional instability-both characteristic of the hormonal changes in adolescence-have been linked with physical aggression among peers. Susceptibility to peer pressure increases during early adolescence, and while peers may facilitate positive social development for one another, they may also hinder it. Peer groups can have positive influences on an individual, such as academic motivation and performance however, they can also have negative influences, such as peer pressure to engage in drug use, drinking, vandalism, stealing, or other risky behavior. Peer groups offer members of the group the opportunity to develop social skills such as empathy, sharing, and leadership. As children begin to create bonds with various people, they start to form friendships high quality friendships may enhance a child’s development regardless of the particular characteristics of those friends.Īdolescents associate with friends of the opposite sex much more than in childhood and tend to identify with larger groups of peers based on shared characteristics. The level of influence that peers can have over an adolescent makes these relationships particularly important in personal development. Adolescents who have a good relationship with their parents are less likely to engage in various risky behaviors, such as smoking, drinking, fighting, and/or unprotected sex.Īs adolescents work to form their identities, they pull away from their parents, and the peer group becomes very important (Shanahan, McHale, Osgood, & Crouter, 2007). Regarding more important life issues, many adolescents will still share the same attitudes and values as their parents. Although conflicts between children and parents increase during adolescence, they are often related to relatively minor issues. While adolescents strive for freedom, the unknowns can be frightening for parents. Figure 7.5.1: The parent-child relationship - When children go through puberty, there is often a significant increase in parent-child conflict. Parent‐adolescent disagreement also increases as friends demonstrate a greater impact on the child this is especially true when parents do not approve of new friends’ values or behaviors. Arguments often concern new issues of control, such as curfew, acceptable clothing, and the right to privacy. When children go through puberty in the United States, there is often a significant increase in parent‐child conflict and a decrease in cohesive familial bonding.
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